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c. AD 1000 – 1400
Scholasticism
The great intellectual project of the medieval universities was to reconcile revealed Christian faith with the rediscovered philosophy of Aristotle. Thomas Aquinas achieved this synthesis most completely: reason and faith operate on different planes but cannot ultimately contradict each other. Scholasticism also transmitted Aristotle into the Early Modern period, where it became the foil against which Descartes and Hume would define themselves.
Core Ideas
Faith and reason are complementary, not contradictory — each has its proper domain
The Five Ways: rational arguments for the existence of God
Natural law: moral norms are accessible to human reason independently of revelation
The soul is the form of the body — resurrection requires both
Received From
Passed Forward
